# Pacemaker Term Paper

This paper presents a novel method for evaluating the effect of human body temperature on the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) of pacemaker.There are many sources of electromagnetic interference that interact with pacemakers: Cell phones may be considered responsible for electromagnetic interference EMI when they were held in the same part with the pacemaker; also, the magnetic resonance imaging makes a serious problem and must be avoided.

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The electromagnetic interference become an important problem especially for the sensitive electronic devices such as Pacemakers (PM).

The EMI shielding material is the main solution that reduce the emissions and improves the immunity of electronic equipment.

The effect of temperature on the electrical conductivity of Ti fibre, silicon matrix, and parameters of the electrical responses of the whole proposed composite sample are presented in Figure 3 and Table 1.

3.1 The effect of temperature on EMI shielding properties Titanium (Ti) have better properties such as high conductivity, low cost, and light weight due to their enhanced contribute the better properties physical on a very large potential for many biomedical, electrical, structural, and electronic applications.

The simulation results for the multi-reflection mechanism, and the total SE is obtained by the improving analytical model applied in [20].

HFSS simulation (Version 13.0) was used to simulate the scattering parameters of the proposed multilayer composite in the frequency range of 1 to10 GHz.The three layers are separated via silicon (Si) at 1 mm thick, as shown in Figure 1.The sum resistance of the composite can be calculated as: $\frac=\frac \frac ....\frac \frac$ (8) When considering the term $R=\frac\times \frac$in Eq.(8), we got to manipulation: $=\sum$ (9) $= (1-)$ (10) where σ).The three-layers has the same arrangement containing 60 fibres (Ti F).With a conductivity σ=1.82*10 S/m, 0.035 mm radius, and 0.6 mm length embedded inside the dielectric layer (Si) a ɛ=11.9 and 0.5 mm thick.The second aim of this paper is to present a new prediction concerning our multi-layered structures for estimation the effect of human body temperature on the immunity of Pacemaker.The range of temperature here is between 37 to 41 °C which is the temperature variation of human bodies, the presented results show that the electrical conductivity is gradually decreases by increasing the temperature which affect directly on the total shielding effectiveness.In this paper, a new multilayer composite was prepared and built from alternating layers, the composite is reinforced by Titanium fibres and the dielectric layers made from the Silicon material, the dielectric layers are sandwiched between composites with Ti fibres symmetrically.Ti is the most widely used metal for pacemakers due to its high biocompatibility with the human body.

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